It is hypothesized that this preferential mobilization of lymphocyte with cytotoxic properties is realised to ensure immunosurveillance in stress-exposed tissues ( 7, 8, 9, 10). After that those cells may infiltrate to the tissues under the stress. The presence of β2-adrenergic receptors explains the ability of binding adrenaline or noradrenaline, known stress molecules, by cytotoxic cells. β2-adrenergic receptors and several adhesion and/or activation molecules are also more frequent in case of the first cell subsets. Such lymphocytes as natural killers (NKs), Tc (CD8 +) and T cells are characterized by higher cytotoxicity and stress responsivity in comparison to Th (CD4 +) or B lymphocytes. It is highly unfavourable in athletes and, worse, it may persist for even several months in some cases ( 4, 5, 6). Viral infections, for example, may lead to the state being a combination of lethargy, easy fatigability, myalgia. Literature data point out the risk of upper respiratory system infection after exhaustive exercise ( 4, 5). Those memory cell populations may live for years helping to eliminate inflammatory environment and being one of the ways of adaptation to intense physical effort. When the inflammatory agents, as well as those cells are eliminated, memory cells remain and proliferate to ensure rapid immune response in similar circumstances in the future ( 3). The inflammatory state may often result in Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness (DOMS) described as pain, tenderness and stiffness of muscles with the peak of symptoms between 24 and 72 hours after the exercise ( 1, 2). It is well known that physical training requires an optimal balance between training load (intensity and volume) and recovery to improve athlete’s capacity.ĭuring the exercise inflammatory environment arises stimulating B and T lymphocytes to proliferate and differentiate respectively to the local demand. This phenomenon is associated with decreased immune function resulting in e.g. Immunological alterations may provide to the reduction in capacity and endurance levels in elite athletes.
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